Abstract: Under the historical conditions of in-depth advancement of global modernization and continuous formation of a shared world, exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations have increasingly become important theoretical and practical issues that must be addressed in the 21st century. The crux of the issue lies not in eliminating civilizational differences, but in how to construct a realistic and feasible common foundation for the coexistence of diverse civilizations on the premise of acknowledging and preserving differences. Since the New Era, the contemporary Chinese Marxist cultural outlook, based on the “Two Integrations” and represented by Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, has further deepened the understanding of the laws of cultural construction, the development of socialist culture, and the evolution of human civilization. It adheres to understanding cultural and civilizational issues from the perspective of history, practice and global connections, opposes the dissolution of civilizational differences through abstract universality, and opposes the absolutization of civilizational differences as closed boundaries, thereby providing a systematic theoretical perspective for explaining the possibility of exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations. Specifically, cultural subjectivity constitutes the premise of civilizational dialogue, enabling different civilizations to engage in equal exchanges based on their own historical experiences and value structures; openness and inclusiveness constitute the basic stance of mutual learning between civilizations, preventing civilizational relations from sliding into homogenization and conflict; the common values of all mankind provide a normative medium for different civilizations to conduct value communication and reach practical consensus on common issues; building a community with a shared future for mankind further advances this value consensus into a practical form of real-world cooperation, shared destinies and order reshaping. This theoretical approach not only reveals the internal logic that makes exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations possible, but also offers a Chinese perspective for diverse civilizations in the contemporary world to achieve mutual understanding, mutual recognition and common development.