Abstract: The anti-poverty theory of classic Marxist writers is embodied in reflection and criticism of the capitalist system. The Communist Party of China takes this as its ideological basis, and takes the establishment of a socialist system as the fundamental premise. During the two periods before and after the reform and opening-up, the Communist Party of China has carried out institutional exploration of anti-poverty in terms of material, spiritual and livelihood security, it has launched an anti-poverty system exploration process focusing on material, spiritual and people’s livelihood protection. In particular, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the Communist Party of China has led the people to control material poverty around “precise poverty alleviation”; through education, the combination of “aspiration support” and “intellectual support”, the prosperity and development of advanced socialist culture to strengthen the management of spiritual poverty; also implement a shared livelihood security system with the principles of universality, fairness and diversity. Over the past one hundred years since the founding of the Communist Party of China, it has achieved systematic systems to eradicate poverty, completed the leap from system criticism to system governance, comprehensively promoted the deepening of anti-poverty thought and practice, and realized the centennial goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-around way.