Abstract: Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the new historical mission has put forward new requirements for talent cultivation in universities. University teachers should effectively fulfill the era mission of cultivating talent for the Party and the State. Our party has always attached great importance to the ideological and political construction of teachers. The 18th, 19th, and 20th National Congresses of the Party have put forward requirements for strengthening the construction of professional ethics among teachers. In the new era, we should work hard on doing the ideological and political work for university teachers, continuing to strengthen and improving their political theory learning. Persistently using Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to enhance cohesion and forge the soul is an important way to strengthen the construction of professional ethics. The political theory learning of university teachers can be divided into three stages: establishing a system for teachers’ political theory learning, focusing on socialism construction, and stepping up to a new stage in the new era. Based on the exploration, reform, and practice of political theory learning of university teachers, this paper proposes suggestions for strengthening institutional system construction, scientifically designing learning content, and continuously innovating methods and approaches to enhance political theory learning for university teachers in the new era.