Adaptation of Copyright Obstacles of Controlled Digital LendingReflections on the Hachette v. Internet Archive Case
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摘要: 受控数字借阅是美国图书馆领域应数字时代读者借阅需求而探索出的新型图书借阅模式。其公共价值在新冠疫情期间得到广泛认可,有望成为助力我国图书馆数字化转型的有力工具。受控数字借阅功能的实现有赖于对其版权合法性障碍的调适。通过对阿歇特诉互联网档案馆案关于受控数字借阅的合理使用性质论争的考察与反思可得,受控数字借阅合理使用评估涉及复杂的价值判断,存在较大的主观性与不确定性,难以成为其版权合法性支撑。受控数字借阅所蕴含的法理与版权法上的技术中立原则相契合。以技术中立原则审视该模式可以发现,受控数字借阅可以适用发行权用尽原则,且具有法理可行。这为受控数字借阅在我国的导入扫除版权法上的理论障碍。Abstract: Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) is a new book lending model explored by libraries in the United States to meet the reading needs of digital-era readers. Its public value has been widely recognized during the COVID-19 pandemic and it is expected to become a powerful tool to support the digital transformation of libraries in China. The implementation of CDL functionality depends on adaptation of its copyright legality obstacles. Through the examination and reflection on the Hachette case against the Internet Archive regarding the fair use nature of CDL, this paper proposes that the assessment of CDL’s fair use involves complex value judgments, with significant subjectivity and uncertainty, making it difficult to support its copyright legality. The legal principles of CDL is consistent with the principle of technology neutrality in copyright law. Viewing this model the principle of technology neutrality reveals that CDL can apply the exhaustion of rights and it is legally feasible. This clears theoretical obstacles for the introduction of CDL in China’s copyright law.
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Key words:
- Controlled Digital Lending /
- fair use /
- technology neutrality /
- exhaustion of rights
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1 Hachette Book Grp. v. Internet Archive, 664 F. Supp. 3d 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2023).2)2 Hachette Book Grp. v. Internet Archive, No. 23-1260 (2d Cir. Sep. 4, 2024).3)3 2011年,由互联网档案馆牵头的图书馆集团宣布在OpenLibrary.org上推出一项新的合作电子书借阅服务,即“数字化与借阅”(Digitize and Lend)计划。See Jeff Kaplan. In-Library eBook Lending Program Launched[EB/OL]. (2011-02-22)[2024-08-07]. https://blog.archive.org/2011/02/22/in-library-ebook-lending-program-launched/.;2018年,凯尔·考特尼(Kyle K. Courtney)、大卫·汉森(David R. Hansen)等图书版权领域的专家学者撰写了“关于图书馆受控数字借阅的立场声明及其白皮书”,确立了受控数字借阅的规范表述与内涵。4)4 举例而言,如果某图书馆合法拥有3本《枪口下的法律:中国版权史研究》并将其数字化,那么该图书馆可选择的针对该书的出借方式包括:(1)出借3本实体书;(2)出借1本实体书和2个数字副本;(3)出借2本实体书和1个数字副本;(4)出借3个数字副本。5)5 Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., No. 13-4829 (2d Cir. 2015).6)6 Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984).7)7 Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc., No. 16-2321 (2d Cir. 2018).8)8 具体而言,这一技术运行大致包括文件核验、数据迁移、转售、设备监控等环节。有转售需求的用户需首先下载并安装ReDigi提供的市场应用程序。该程序将对用于转售的音乐文件进行分析,核实该文件最初是从Apple iTunes等平台合法购买而来。经核验合格的文件将被通过“数据迁移”方法传输到ReDigi的远程服务器。与传统文件传输方法不同,“数据迁移”将源文件分解成若干数据包,所有数据包被传输至ReDigi服务器后,将被重组合成一个完整的文件,而存在于原购买者原始设备中的文件将被彻底删除。该文件被转售后,新购买者可将其下载到个人设备中,ReDigi则会对出售者的设备进行监控,确保该文件不会再存在于原购买者的设备中。9)9 Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994).10)10 “阿喀琉斯之踵”的典故出自古希腊神话。英雄阿喀琉斯的脚后跟是其身体唯一一处没有浸泡到冥河水的地方,成为他唯一的弱点。阿喀琉斯后来在特洛伊战争中被毒箭射中脚踝而丧命。现引申为致命的弱点、要害。11)11 2019年,美国五大出版商之一的麦克米伦出版有限公司(Macmillan Publishers)宣布对图书馆采取进一步限制措施,即在新电子书上市后的八周内,每个图书馆仅能购入一本电子书。此举在美国图书馆领域引起激烈反弹,并受到了众多图书馆的抵制。12)12 该案涉及一种化学工艺,通过这种工艺,纸质艺术作品中的图像和墨水被提取并转移到画布上,因此一旦转移完成,纸张(海报)上就会留下空白。海报的版权人起诉使用该工艺转移作品的艺术画廊侵犯了自身的专有复制权。See Théberge v Galerie d'Art du Petit Champlain Inc [2002] 2 S.C.R. 336. -
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