“Polarization” of Digital Employment and Research Developments
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摘要: 数字就业的“极化”现象在世界各地普遍存在,高低技能劳动力就业增加而中等技能劳动力就业减少,这让“机器换人”与“机器创造就业”的观点互为争论,学界对此也结论不一、对“极化”的机制也未揭示全貌。文章通过对国内外文献综合梳理与分析,呈现相关问题的研究动态与前沿,借鉴已有研究经验,凝练“极化”背后的机制与形成路径,用于分析我国就业与收入极化的现状。文章通过分析提出了要素市场与产品市场的就业作用框架模型,其中产品市场起到引致劳动力需求的作用,要素市场则搭建数字技术与“信息—劳动—资本”传统三要素模型,并引入“技术—数据要素”模型。认为技术作用于信息、造成信息垄断与信息不对称,将高中技能劳动者留在劳动力市场,更多将低技能劳动者排除在市场之外;技术作用于劳动,直接产生就业极化,表现为对劳动就业的创造效应与破坏效应所形成的总效应;技术作用于资本,则劳动与资本的谈判力决定了二者如何分配所创造的收入。数据要素依附数字劳动,易于形成高技能数字劳动“被强化”、中低技能数字劳动“被弱化”的“单极化”结果。最终,就业是否极化以及极化的程度,取决于传统要素、数字要素与产品市场共同博弈的结果。Abstract: The phenomenon of “polarization” in digital employment is widespread around the world. The employment of high- and low-skilled labor increases and the employment of middle-skilled labor decreases, which leads to the controversy between the views of “machine-replacement” and “machine-created employment”. The academic community has come to different conclusions on this issue, and has not revealed the full picture of the "polarization" mechanism. This paper presents the research developments and frontiers of relate issues by comprehensively combing and analyzing the domestic and international literature, draws on the existing research experience, and condenses the mechanism and formation path behind the “polarization”, which is used to analyze the current situation of employment and income polarization in China. This paper proposes a framework model of factor market and product market in employment, in which the product market plays the role of inducing the labor demand, and the factor market builds the traditional three-factor model of digital technology and “information-labor-capital”, and introduces the “technology-data-factor” model. The role of technology in information generates information monopoly and information asymmetry, which includes high-skilled workers in the labor market and excludes low-skilled workers from the market. Besides, the role of technology in labor directly generates employment polarization, which is manifested in the total effect of creating and destroying labor and employment. Additionally, the role of technology in capital determines the negotiation power of labor and capital in how to distribute the income created by the two. Data factors are dependent on digital labor, which is easy to form the “unipolar” result of “strengthened” high-skilled labor and “weakened” middle- and low-skilled digital labor. Finally, the magnitude of employment polarization depends on the result of the joint game between traditional factors, digital factors and product markets.
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Key words:
- digital employment /
- polarization /
- technological progress /
- digital data /
- artificial intelligence
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表 1 技术进步与劳动力就业关系的相关理论基础
理论基础 主要内容 具体理论与模型 提出或代表学者 新古典经济增长理论 以提高劳动力的技术进步为假设前提构建模型,从资本与
劳动力比率入手集中分析均衡(稳态)增长路径索洛模型
索洛—米德模型
内生增长模型索洛(1956);索洛和米德(1960);罗默(1990) 马克思主义劳动价值论 价值决定价格,价格围绕价值波动,数据要素的价格(等同参与收入分配)取决于数据要素本身的特性以及与要素需求方的谈判力量;数字劳动以多种方式参与收入分配 劳动价值论 马克思(1975);德斯(1999);克里斯汀.福(2014) 信息不对称与信息垄断 数字技术产生的信息垄断与不对称导致就业结构性差异 信息技术与市场租金理论 古勒等(2017) 技术偏向理论 技能偏向型技术进步促发高技能劳动就业增加,技能退化型技术进步促发低技能劳动就业增加 技能偏向型技术理论
技能退化型技术理论
任务偏向型技术进步伯曼等(1994);奥托等(1998;2003);如塞尔等(2000);
艾斯毛格鲁(1998)技术创新理论 技术进步开发新产品、新工艺,使得经济中出现新的产业部门,影响就业结构的变化与就业再分配 开创性地强调工厂间就业的异质性 皮安他(2001);戴维斯和海万格(1992) 资料来源:根据文献整理。 -
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