Exploring the Effect of Entrepreneurial Extracurricular Activities and Entrepreneurial Mindset on Postgraduate Entrepreneurial Intentions
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摘要: 文章针对研究生群体,考察了创业类课外活动如何通过创业心智(成就动机、风险倾向和模糊容忍度)来影响研究生的创业意向。基于江苏某高校研究生问卷调查数据,发现创业类课外活动与研究生的创业意向呈显著正相关关系,创业心智能够有效促进研究生创业意向的提高;成就动机和模糊容忍度在创业类课外活动和研究生创业意向之间发挥一定中介作用,两者的中介效应大小没有显著差异,风险倾向在创业类课外活动与创业意向之间的中介作用不显著。最后,文章在实证研究发现的基础上,提出了改进研究生创新创业教育的建议。Abstract: This study explores how extracurricular activities can be applied to entrepreneurial intentions through entrepreneurial mindsets. Entrepreneurial mindsets refer to the three dimensions of achievement motivation, risk orientation and fuzzy tolerance. The empirical results based on the questionnaire data of 220 postgraduates of a university in Jiangsu Province show that entrepreneurial extracurricular activities significantly and positively influence postgraduate students’ entrepreneurial intentions, and that entrepreneurial minds such as achievement motivation, risk propensity and fuzzy tolerance can effectively promote postgraduate students’ entrepreneurial intentions. There is a mediating role of achievement motivation and fuzzy tolerance between entrepreneurial extracurricular activities and postgraduate students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, there is no significant difference in the mediating effects of these two. Also, the mediating effect of risk propensity between entrepreneurial extracurricular activities and entrepreneurial intentions is not significant. Suggestions for improving postgraduate students’ innovation and entrepreneurship education are proposed based on the findings of the empirical study.
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图 1 基本理论框架图
表 1 有效样本分布情况表
N =220 变量 分类 频数 百分比/% 性别 男 99 47.8 女 108 52.2 专业 非经管专业 183 83.2 经管类专业 37 16.8 年龄 23岁 14 6.8 24岁 66 32.0 25岁 64 31.1 26岁 36 17.5 27岁及以上 26 12.6 家庭收入 低收入水平 9 4.2 较低收入水平 46 21.4 平均收入水平 135 62.8 较高收入水平 22 10.2 高收入水平 3 1.4 生源地 农村 27 12.4 乡镇 63 29.0 县级市或县城城区 70 32.3 地级市市区 22 10.1 省会城市/直辖市市区 35 16.1 表 3 描述性统计分析及相关系数
变量 Mean Std. Dev a CR 1 2 3 4 5 1.创业意向 3.048 1.295 0.850 0.946 (0.881) 2.创业类课外活动 2.468 1.692 0.953 0.977 0.549** (0.894) 3.成就动机 4.527 1.164 0.890 0.959 0.459** 0.326** (0.908) 4.风险倾向 4.336 1.265 0.735 0.926 0.295** 0.201** 0.304** (0.898) 5.模糊容忍度 2.780 1.276 0.893 0.937 0.327** 0.374** 0.164* −0.056 (0.864) 注:括号数值为AVE的平方根;*表示在5%水平显著,**表示在1%水平显著(双尾检验)。 表 2 验证性因子分析结果
模型 χ2 df χ2/df RMSEA CFI TLI SRMR 五因子模型(创业类课外活动、成就动机、风险倾向、模糊容忍度和创业意向) 664.267*** 340 1.954 0.081 0.942 0.936 0.057 四因子模型a(合并成就动机和风险倾向) 983.686*** 344 2.860 0.098 0.886 0.875 0.076 四因子模型b(合并风险倾向和模糊容忍度) 1343.834*** 344 3.906 0.122 0.822 0.805 0.164 三因子模型(合并创业心智三个中介变量) 1646.885*** 347 4.746 0.139 0.769 0.748 0.157 单因子模型 3068.701*** 350 8.768 0.200 0.516 0.478 0.177 拟合标准 <3 <0.1 >0.9 >0.9 <0.08 注:***表示p <0.001 表 4 创业类课外活动对中介变量和创业意向的回归结果
变量 模型1
创业意向模型2
创业意向模型3
成就动机模型4
风险倾向模型5
模糊容忍度性别 0.252*
(0.146)0.237*
(0.126)−0.059
(0.143)0.193
(0.152)0.323**
(0.139)年龄 0.056
(0.064)0.010
(0.055)0.048
(0.062)0.002
(0.066)−0.033
(0.061)专业 0.097
(0.089)0.046
(0.077)0.017
(0.086)0.104
(0.092)−0.070
(0.085)家庭收入 −0.122
(0.076)−0.078
(0.066)−0.088
(0.074)0.019
(0.080)0.137*
(0.072)生源地 0.196*
(0.102)0.162*
(0.088)0.124
(0.099)0.064
(0.107)−0.014
(0.098)担任学生干部 −0.104
(0.181)−0.054
(0.155)−0.243
(0.174)−0.219
(0.185)0.129
(0.172)创业类课外活动 0.550***
(0.053)0.322***
(0.067)0.184**
(0.074)0.387***
(0.064)R2 0.060 0.337 0.127 0.063 0.191 F值 1.761* 5.902*** 2.838*** 1.815* 3.476*** 注:N =220;括号内为标准误;***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%水平显著。 表 5 中介变量对创业意向的回归分析结果
变量 模型6
创业意向模型7
创业意向模型8
创业意向模型9
创业意向性别 0.251**
(0.119)0.204*
(0.124)0.201
(0.127)0.185
(0.120)年龄 −0.003
(0.052)0.010
(0.054)0.014
(0.054)0.003
(0.051)专业 0.042
(0.073)0.029
(0.075)0.054
(0.076)0.038
(0.072)家庭收入 −0.054
(0.063)−0.082
(0.064)−0.093
(0.066)−0.077
(0.062)生源地 0.128
(0.084)0.152*
(0.086)0.164*
(0.087)0.126
(0.083)担任学生干部 0.013
(0.147)−0.017
(0.152)−0.067
(0.154)0.017
(0.145)课外活动 0.456***
(0.058)0.516***
(0.055)0.506***
(0.061)0.393***
(0.065)成就动机 0.291***
(0.063)0.248***
(0.065)风险倾向 0.186***
(0.065)0.145**
(0.066)模糊容忍度 0.116*
(0.071)0.133**
(0.068)R2 0.411 0.367 0.346 0.434 F值 7.181*** 6.382*** 6.083*** 7.667*** 注:N =220;括号内为标准误;***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%水平显著。 表 6 各中介变量中介效应及其差异的检验结果
中介变量 效应量系数 S.E. Est./S.E. Bootstrap95%置信区间 下限 上限 成就动机 0.080*** 0.028 2.849 0.035 0.152 风险倾向 0.030 0.018 1.665 −0.009 0.076 模糊容忍度 0.086** 0.036 2.393 0.028 0.169 成就动机-
风险倾向0.050 0.034 1.466 −0.015 0.121 成就动机-
模糊容忍度−0.006 0.049 −0.122 −0.109 0.087 风险倾向-
模糊容忍度−0.056 0.037 −1.527 −0.140 0.008 注:1000次重新抽样;***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%、10%水平显著。 -
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