Abstract: The Principal Responsibility System under the leadership of the Party Committee is an important institutional arrangement to adhere to the leadership of the Party and implement democratic centralism in colleges and universities, which is the fundamental system of the Party’s leadership over colleges and universities and the most suitable mode of governance for colleges and universities in China under the current situation. Its essence is to support principals to exercise administrative power according to the law based on adhering to the overall leadership of the Party over colleges and universities. To adhere to and improve the Principal Responsibility System under the leadership of the Party Committee, we should continuously strengthen the political leadership of the Party, improve the internal governance structure of the university, establish and improve the whole chain work mechanism of “research, decision making, implementation, and evaluation”, enhance the fighting power of the Party organizations of faculties and departments, and write a new chapter for building China into a leading power in education.