Abstract: The Marxist anti-poverty theory, with its profound analysis on the root causes of poverty, expounds the causal relationship between “superstructure nature”, “social productivity development level”, “capitalist production relations” and the poverty. It provides the theoretical source for the formation, evolution and perfection of the Party’s anti-poverty ideology in the past hundred years, from the revolutionary thought of poverty reduction during New Democratic Revolution to the institutional anti-poverty thought in the early socialist construction, and from the thought of poverty alleviation during the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics to the thought of targeted poverty alleviation in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In different historical periods, the Communist Party of China revolves around the core concept of Sinicization in the Marxist theory of poverty. Poverty alleviation in China is proposed and developed based on the scientific understanding of the law of poverty reduction, exploring characteristics of Chinese poverty and anti-poverty theory system, and solving the historic problems of the absolute poverty in China. Reviewing and analyzing the century-old course and evolution logic of the Sinicization of Marxist anti-poverty theory is not only the theoretical need to realize the systematization and physics and chemistry of the Party’s anti-poverty thought, but also the realistic need to guide the realization of the new goal in the era of rural revitalization.