Abstract: Parents who have lost their only child form a special group of people in China. After experiencing the pain of losing the only child, they are about to step into an age of facing numerous difficulties. In recent years, the government has paid more attention to the group, and promulgated relevant policies to improve the situation. But national policy is not unified and the orientation isn't accurate, the policy towards parents who have lost their only child is "one size fits all". Without considering the diversity and hierarchy of needs of this group, it's hard to meet the actual demands and leads to a huge wastes of resources. Based on the field investigation, we make a detailed explanation about different needs of them in economy, mentality and the elderly support system, giving some suggestions about building up a supply-demand targeting institution, in hope of providing a new perspective for studying the needs of parents who have lost their only child.