Abstract: To effectively solve the public problems in the contemporary Chinese society and deeply reform and open up, there is an urgent need to deepen the reform and building of Chinese government. In order to carry out this urgent need, it is necessary to ponder the precondition question" What is Government?" first. In contemporary world, there are big differences between China and Western government in the aspects of the attitude of the government, the powers of the government awareness and disposal, the government's responsibilities and objectives etc. In order to transcend the past understanding of "What is Government", we need to review the questions of "will the government need theory of human nature as a support? Are Government's adherences to the code of ethics reliable? How to maintain their respect for authority? How to arrange for their own interests?" Only in this way can we understand the government, return to the people-oriented basis, and truly listen to and respond to the voice of the people.